Exposure- controlled by the aperture, shutter speed and ISO
Aperture: how much light gets into the camera
f/2.8= large aperture, a lot of light, shallow depth of field (good for photographing food and babies)
f/22= small aperture, a small amount of light, deep depth of field (good for photographing landscapes)

Shutter speed- determines how fast the light gets into the camera
1/60th of a second is the fastest for handheld photographs, otherwise use a tripod for anything slower
1/250th of a second or faster for freezing action
1/10th of a second or slower for nighttime photographs with a tripod

ISO- determines the sensitivity of the light
ISO 100- bright and sunny day
ISO 400- in the shade
ISO 800- inside
ISO 1600+- nighttime 

Camera Settings:
M= Manual = you control the aperture and shutter speed for the exposure
S= Shutter Priority= shutter speed is the priority over aperture= use when movement is the most important element
A= Aperture Priority= aperture is the priority over shutter speed= use when want shallow or deep depth of field (i.e. food or landscape)
P= Program= camera determines what the best exposure is for the subject

Compositional Terms 
Rule of thirds= most important subject is in the third quadrant of the photograph
Leading line= a pathway carries your eyes through the photograph
Simplicity= the subject is straightforward with a plain background
Symmetry= the two subjects are parallel and echo each other
Framing= your subject is framed by something like a window frame, gazebo, tree branches, etc
Crop= your subject is close up and shows detail and texture

Vantage Points= Where you stand when you are taking the photograph.  Be sure to vary your position when taking the shot!
Worm's eye view- you are down on the ground
Bird's eye view- you are high above the subject 
Side angle- you are to the side of the subject

Elements of Art
The building blocks of design
Color= warm colors/red, orange, yellow   cool colors/ blue, green  Primary colors: red, yellow, blue  Monochromatic: shades of one color
Line= the first thing you see is a line throughout the composition
Value= the light and dark of a photograph
Space= how something goes out in the distance, or positive and negative space
Shape= organic- in nature   inorganic- manmade (i.e. you would not see a rectangle in nature)
Form= three dimensional
Texture=surface detail of a subject, i.e. detail of fur

Principles of Art
The glue that sticks the design together
Unity= all elements work together, even unusual objects (i.e. the girl holding a monkey in a golden field)
Proportion= how something looks in size compared to another, i.e. a small person next to a mountain
Rhythm= repeated elements, like several sailboats in a row
Harmony= everything meshes together, like a sunset on a lake
Balance= symmetry- butterfly wings 
Emphasis= the first thing a person looks at 
Variety= something unusual in the photograph that you wouldn't see ordinarily